Dental Health
Twin studies conducted by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention show that the average U.S. adolescent of the
1970s had six or seven cavities; his 1990s counterpart, just three.
Today’s teenagers are twice as likely to return from the dentist and
report, “Look, Ma, no cavities!”—to quote a famous toothpaste commercial
of yesteryear.
Dr. Jim Steiner, director of pediatric dentistry at
Children’s Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, attributes the improvement in
young people’s dental health primarily to increased access to
fluoridation. “Fluoride reduces tooth decay as well as slows down the
decaying process,” he explains. “More than 95 percent of all toothpastes
now have fluoride in them, and about 65 percent of our population
drinks fluoridated water.”
A related advance is the use of dental sealants, clear
or white thin plastic coatings that can be painted onto permanent
teeth. As Dr. Steiner explains, “Fluoride protects the areas between the
teeth. But it can’t always reach the chewing surfaces of the back
molars.” Sealants fill the tiny pits and grooves of those teeth, the
site of most cavities. Second molars typically arrive around age twelve. One sealant application costs roughly half the price of a filling.
Teens who do develop cavities have less reason to dread
the dentist’s chair than you might have when you were their age. New
dental instruments such as the laser and the air abrasion unit make
getting fillings virtually painless. Laser therapy doesn’t require
anesthesia. Nor do many treatments with the air abrasion handpiece,
which resembles a tiny sandblaster. However, the devices can’t be used
in all situations, so don’t expect to see the high-speed drill become
obsolete anytime soon.
Another advance of interest to young patients is
cosmetic. Beside the traditional silver-colored metal alloy used to fill
cavities, a composite material can be used so that the color can be
tinted to match the teeth.
Orthodontic Problems
Crooked teeth, overbites and underbites are best corrected with braces during puberty, while the facial bones are still growing. These are usually inherited traits, although some orthodontic problems stem from injuries, years of thumb-sucking or losing one’s baby teeth earlier or later than normal.How Orthodontic Problems Are Diagnosed
- Oral examination and thorough medical/dental history
- X rays of mouth and head
- Photos of face and teeth
- Plaster models of the teeth are made
How Orthodontic Problems are Treated
If you were a “metal mouth” as a teenager, you’ll
immediately notice that modern dental appliances are less conspicuous
than the braces you wore. “Years ago,” says Dr. Jim Steiner, director of
pediatric dentistry at Children's Hospital in cincinnati, Ohio, “the
silver bands that hold the wires had to be placed around all the teeth.
That’s no longer done. Nowadays we might band only the first and second
molars, and bond brackets directly to the rest of the teeth.” The
brackets can be colored to match the teeth. They also come in a clear
material, as well as metal. Some patients may be candidates for
“invisible braces,” which are worn on the inside of the teeth.
On average, youngsters can expect to wear the appliances
for about two years. During that time, they return to the orthodontist
on a monthly basis. The doctor will usually tighten the wires at these
appointments, in order to increase the tension on the teeth. Any
discomfort or soreness afterward can usually be alleviated with an
over-the-counter pain reliever.
When braces alone aren’t sufficient to straighten the teeth, a child may have to wear a night brace to
bed, to apply pressure externally. Two prongs on the headgear are
inserted into a pair of cylinder-shaped metal receptacles constructed on
the outer surface of the back molars. Then an elastic band wraps around
the back of the head to keep the apparatus in place. Understandably,
teens usually aren’t too happy about having to put on the night brace,
but parents can reassure them that this is a temporary measure.
After the orthodontist removes the braces, the young person is given a removable retainer to
wear for the next six to twelve months in order to maintain the
alignment of the teeth. The simple device consists of a metal wire
attached to a plastic plate that has been conformed to fit against the
roof of the mouth.
